Exploring teenage pregnancy in the uk Essay Example

Exploring teenage pregnancy in the uk Essay Sexual Health is a cardinal component of wellness. Teenage gestation is an facet of sexual wellness which has been of great public wellness and societal importance due to the deductions it poses. Harmonizing to UNICEF ( 2001 ) , UK has the highest adolescent gestation rate in Western Europe. This essay will critically analyze the factors that contribute to teenage gestation in the UK, that is, socio-economic, education- related factors and every bit good as hazardous behavior. To acquire a better understating of this subject, effects of adolescent gestation every bit good as current schemes, intercessions and recommendations for improved attention in undertaking adolescent gestation will be discussed. The essay will be concluded with a sum-up of the literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring teenage pregnancy in the uk specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring teenage pregnancy in the uk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring teenage pregnancy in the uk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Adolescent gestation can be defined as a term employed to mention to giving birth of immature adult females under 20 which consequence in unrecorded births or abortions ( Ewles 2005 ) . The graduated table of job is shocking. Approximately 91,200 constructs in adolescents take topographic point per twelvemonth, 7700 among misss under 16 old ages of age and 2200 among 14 twelvemonth olds or younger ( Chambers et al 2001 ) . Furthermore, 46 % constitutes to those who have legal abortion and 56 % of those aged under 16 old ages who partake in an abortion. Harmonizing to Ewles ( 2005 ) , UK teenage gestation rates are much higher compared to other European states, in that, they are five times every bit high as compared to those in Netherlands, three times every bit high as compared to France and two times higher in Germany. Adolescent gestation poses a great public wellness menace due to the causal nexus associated with wellness inequalities. The high rates of abortion and sexually familial disease elucidates that immature people are non holding protected sex and this is supported by the dismaying STI rates which are highest in 16-19 twelvemonth old adult females ( Baker et al 2007 ) . Furthermore, Elwes ( 2005 ) states that one in 10 sexually active adolescents is infected with a sexually familial disease, exemplifying deficiency of public consciousness about sex instruction, contraceptive method and rubber usage. In order to undertake adolescent gestation, it is of import to understand the factors that contribute to teenage gestation. Research grounds has identified the cardinal hazard factors which are acknowledged to be associated with adolescent gestation. Ewles ( 2005 ) states that low outlooks is a major factor, where we see there is a important association between immature people from lower-social economic categories and high rates of adolescent gestation and birth. Lack of employment and detachment from instruction or preparation can potentially give rise to feelings of insufficiency and hoplessness therefore ends and aspirations seem unachievable impacting the mentality of one s hereafter. Furthermore, harmonizing to the study conducted by the Department for instruction and accomplishments ( 2006 ) , low instruction attainment and go forthing school at 16 with no makings are obviously independent hazard factors of adolescent gestation. Consequently, parentage can be perceived as an appropriate blessing to derive maturity position with no employment or educational attainment to demo for it. However, the SEU ( 1999 ) did non happen grounds to back up these findings. Ignorance about sex and relationships has been identified as another hazard factor. Notwithstanding being surrounded by sexual images and messages from an early age and despite being sexually active, research demonstrates that there is hapless cognition on consensual and safe sexual relationships, contraceptive method and STI s among immature people ( Ewles 2005 ) . A survey conducted by the Health Education Authority ( 1999 ) reported that 25 % of adolescents aged 14-15 old ages perceived that the preventive pill protected them from geting a sexually transmitted diseases which can be exacerbated by myths, such as first sexual experience will non stop up in gestation, that are evident in the society. In a nutshell, immature people have impractical perceptual experiences on gestation and parentage ( SEU 1999 ) . Assorted messages have been associated with teenage gestation, given that, kids and adolescents in the UK are bombarded by sexual images and messages which can potentially take one to believing and accepting sex as the norm in the society even at a immature age ( Ewles 2005 ) . It is argued that in the UK, sex appears to be the usage and comparatively necessary, whereas contraceptive method and sexual wellness consciousness is unequal therefore clarifying immature people can non do informed determinations ( NHS 2004 ) . Simultaneously, there may be deficient communicating between parents or instructors and immature people on sex and contraceptive method therefore go forthing immature people uninformed. Poverty is another factor, where the hazard of going a teenage female parent is about 10 times more in misss and adult females from societal category V ( unskilled and manual ) as compared to adult females in societal category 1 ( professional ) ( DOH 1999 ) . Additionally, research grounds illustrates immature adult females who have experienced attention or Foster and homelessness are at hazard every bit good ( Chambers et al 2001 ) . A survey reported adult females in this class are two times at hazard of going teenage female parents compared to those raised by birth parents ( Baker 2007 ) . A complimentary survey besides found out that about 50 % of misss go forthing attention become female parents within 18months to two old ages ( DOH 1999 ) . A British cohort survey conducted in 1970 reported that one of the strongest forecasters of teenage gestation is being a girl of a teenage female parent because they are 1.5 times at hazard as compared to kids born of older adult females ( Baker 2007 ) . Harmonizing to DOH ( 1999 ) , holding a history sexual maltreatment is identified as a hazard factor where we see immature people may be loath to abstain from sexual force per unit area subsequent to mistreat that ensued. Numerous surveies have elucidated the association between mental wellness upsets and teenage gestation, in add-on, Maskey s survey conducted in 1991 illustrated that a 3rd of immature adult females with behavior upsets become pregnant before the age of 17 ( Baker 2007 ) . Crime is besides a factor particularly with adolescents who get involved in improper activities doing constabulary intercession because they are twice likely to go adolescent parents. ( Chambers et al 2001 ) . Tyrer et al conducted in a survey in 2005 and reported that 39 % of immature female wrongdoers are adolescent female parents even as approximates propose that more than 25 % of immature male wrongdoers are adolescent male parents or fathers-to-be ( Zaplin 2006 ) . Hazardous behavior for illustration early oncoming of sexual activity and hapless preventive usage are factors associated with adolescent gestation. The mean age of first sexual intercourse has fallen from to 16 ( House Of Commons 2002-3 ) and girls holding sex under 16 are three times more likely to go pregnant that those who have sex over 16 old ages ( SEU 1999 ) . Approximately 60 % of male childs and 47 % of misss dropping out of school at 16 with no makings engaged in sex compared to 20 % for both males ( Baker 2007 ) . Ethnicity has a cardinal nexus with adolescent gestation. Consistent with the 2001 nose count, informations on female parents under 19years demonstrated that adolescent gestation rates are well higher among female parents of mixed and black Caribbean, other black and black Caribbean ethnicity ( Baker 2007 ) . Early oncoming of sexual activity is linked to cultural groups where a study conducted in East London ( Viner and Roberts 2004, ) illustrated that first sexual brush under 16 was higher among Caribbean work forces ( 56 % ) compared with 30 % for black African and 27 % for white work forces and 11 % for Indian and Pakistani work forces. As for adult females, 30 % for both white, black Caribbean, 12 % for black African and 3 % for Indian and Pakistani adult females. In add-on, hapless prophylactic usage among specific cultural groups has been associated with adolescent gestation ( Baker 2007 ) . Having acknowledged the factors and effects associated with high rates of teenage gestation, Tony Blair commissioned the Social Exclusion Unit ( SEU 1999 ) to develop a adolescent gestation scheme, known as the National Teenage Pregnancy Strategy in 1999 ( Ewles 2005 ) . Its chief purposes were to halve the figure of teenage constructs by 2010 and set up a consistent diminution in tendency in the under -16 adolescent gestation rate ( SEU 1999 ) . Harmonizing to ( Chambers et al 2001 ) , a sum of 150 adolescent gestation co-ordinators were appointed in each local authorization country in England, in 2000, who lead the force to put to death the Social Exclusion Unit study. Each local country has employed a 10-year scheme, with local under -18 gestation rate decrease marks of between 40 % and 60 % , which strengthens the national decrease mark of 50 % ( Ewles 2005 ) . As recommended by the SEU ( 1999 ) , the chief preventive intercessions in undertaking adolescent gestation are effectual school-based sex and relationships instruction ( SRE ) that are established with the aid of local authorization, peculiarly when correlated with contraceptive method usage and services. HDA ( 2004 ) reported that SRE programmes was extremely rated by immature people who received it and were positively impacted by the cognition and decreased the degree of study over first sexual intercourse.However, from the UK- based systematic rating of SRE programme they found out that the multi-faceted attack had no consequence on contraceptive method usage and sexual behavior ( Nice 2004 ) . ( DFES ) stated that effectual instruction programmes should be focused on extenuating behaviors that cause adolescent gestation and are based on theory and high spot background information on sexual affairs Furthermore clear information on usage of contraceptive method is necessary and im mature people should be informed about the hazard factors, how they can avoid sex as good protection against gestation and STI s. Activities that help cover with equal and societal force per unit area are cardinal and how to get communicating, dialogue and refusal accomplishments by using participatory learning methods ( HDA 2004 ) . Ewles ( 2005 ) argues that abstention instruction as recommended by the scheme has proved to be uneffective The scheme stated the demand to affect and supply information on bar to teenager s parents which is cardinal. SEU ( 1999 ) recommended that young person Services should affect programmes that integrate a long term, multi-dimensional attack that is a combination of self-esteem edifice, voluntary work, and educational support ( Ewles 2005 ) and have a clear focal point on turn toing issues that affect immature people for illustration, sexual wellness and substance maltreatment. HDA ( 2004 ) states that, the acceptance of development programmes has proved to be successful in America and has been elucidated as a competent attack to teenage bar. Chambers et Al ( 2003 ) argues that proviso of effectual sexual wellness services has been identified as a factor for cut downing adolescent gestation. The DFES ( 2006 ) recommended the handiness and handiness of well-publicised preventive and sexual wellness advice services targeted for immature people, with a an established duty that commits to wellness publicity work and bringing of reactive service. In add-on, engaged and coordinated action among all cardinal mainstream bringing spouses who are responsible for cut downing adolescent gestation wellness, Education, Social services and youth support services every bit good as the voluntary sector is critical ( Ewles 2005 ) . Furthermore, HDA ( 2004 ) recommended that practising confidentiality and holding long term proviso of services has proved effectual in teenage bar. Another cardinal recommendation is the demand for a acute focal point on trim intercessions that target immature people who are susceptible to teenage gestation particularly with Looked After Children, that is, those in attention and Foster ( Acheson 2001 ) . The scheme advocated for professionals in spouse administrations for illustration, Connexions, working with the most vulnerable immature people need consistent Sexual and Relationship Education preparation that are readily available ( HDA 2004 ) . Furthermore, the national teenage scheme introduced the national media run aimed at extenuating myths and provides immature with clear and accurate information to do it possible for immature people to do informed picks therefore cut downing adolescent gestation rates ( Ewles 2005 ) . It recommended that effectual information should be clear and unambiguous ( HDA 2004 ) . The current focal point on consciousness and instruction is supported by the two national media runs which are ; R U believing is addressed to immature adolescents promoting them to detain oncoming of sexual activity and eschew equal force per unit area ; Want Respect? Use a rubber is targeted at immature people who are sexually active by advancing rubber usage by associating rubber usage with 1s behaviors and behavior that will gain regard from their equal ( DFES 2006 ) . The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy s chief precedence is to cut down under 18 gestations by supplying immature people with ways and inducements to postpone parentage until they able to get by with the challenges that come with it. However, the scheme is dedicated to back up and cut downing the hazard of hapless results for teenage parents and their kids, with a mark to increase the engagement in instruction, preparation or employment of teenage female parent s aged 16-19 by 2010 ( DFES 2006 ) . Harmonizing to the Acheson Report ( 2001 ) the inequalities faced by adolescents who go on to be mother every bit compared to older female parents are unhinging because there is an increased likeliness they have mental wellness jobs, particularly, post-natal depression ; are 50 % likely to breast provender every bit good as have a higher happening of smoking during gestation and experience relationship dislocation. In add-on, when they become older, say in their mid-thirtiess, it is apparent that they are more likely experience poorness, be subjected to unemployment, deficiency makings and live on benefits which makes them susceptible to acquire trapped in the poorness rhythm which can potentially take to a hapless grownup life. ( Ewles 2005 ) . Children Born of teenage parents are 60 % more at hazard of infant mortality and can perchance decease in their first twelvemonth, 25 more at hazard be conceived with a low birth weight, are peculiarly at much higher hazard of turning up sing poorness, hapless lodging and nutrition for a long draw and are at a greater hazard of going adolescent parents themselves ( Ewles 2005 ) . To forestall hapless out comes for teenage parents and their kids, the scheme recommends and provides support and intercessions that include prenatal and postpartum support where they are provided with impartial information on option of parentage, abortion and acceptance and gestation proving services every bit good ( Ewles 2005 ) . They are advised and acquire aid with psychosocial issues for illustration, anxiousness that they may confront during and after their gestation with the aid of youth-friendly pregnancy services characterised by trim theoretical accounts of attention ( Chambers et al 2005 ) . Together with supplying immature parents with development accomplishments in parentage, the scheme recommends and is committed to supply services that will back up them to remain or restart to instruction, preparation or employment ( Ewles 2005 ) . This is includes happening preferable classs, acquiring aid with child care so that immature parents can go on with instruction or work every bit good as supplying them with necessary aid for them to stay in school or acquire alternate methods to go on with instruction ( DFES 2006 ) . The scheme introduced the Certain Start Plus programme to supply every kid with the best start in life by supplying instruction, child care, wellness and household support ( National Audit Office ) . It recommends and recognizes the important benefits of a committed personal adviser for teenage parents, who tailors ongoing support bundles to run into assorted single demands for illustration lodging and fiscal demands ( Ewles 2005 ) . In consistent with the precedences of the scheme in footings of better support, it acknowledges that high quality support to all teenage parents populating without household or parents is needed ( DFES 2006 ) . Furthermore, some immature female parent under 18 can be susceptible to societal exclusion when they live without any support, taking to isolation particularly when disintegrated from their societal support webs, that is, household. The scheme aims to undertake this by supplying supported lodging to all under 18 lone parents who can non populate at place or with their spouse and are provided with suited demands ( Ewles 2005 ) . This reduces the damaging effects of hapless lodging on wellness. In decision, this essay has discussed the factors that contribute to teenage gestation and its impact on public wellness. Furthermore, the deductions of teenage gestation have been highlighted. The authorities, through the Social Exclusion unit and the constitution of the National Teenage Pregnancy Strategy, has been involved in undertaking teenage gestation through joined up action, national media run, better support for teenage parents and better bar as discussed. Harmonizing to Naidoo and Wills, instruction and persuasion through mass media run may be an effectual scheme in undertaking teenage gestation because these techniques are geared to alter people s behaviors and life styles volitionally as a consequence of information, support and advice.. HDA ( 2004 ) states that immature people should be provided with sufficient instruction and clear information about all facts of sex and relationships and its deductions coupled with confidential and accessible beginnings of preventive s ervices in undertaking adolescent gestation.

What do we learn about life in the early 19th century from reading Silas Marner by George Eliot Essays

What do we learn about life in the early 19th century from reading Silas Marner by George Eliot Essays What do we learn about life in the early 19th century from reading Silas Marner by George Eliot Paper What do we learn about life in the early 19th century from reading Silas Marner by George Eliot Paper Essay Topic: Literature George Eliot was born in 1819, named Mary Ann Evans. She changed her name to George Eliot when she started writing; this was a trend that women novelists followed because they were considered inferior to men so therefore were not taken seriously when they wrote. One of the key things which are relevant to this story is the fact that George Eliot lived in both the town and country. George Eliot witnessed the industrial revolution as it was in full swing at that time. She saw people emigrating from the country to urban areas to find work in factories; this is why she included it in the novel with the presence of Lantern Yard. The Napoleonic wars took place during this period as well. This caused a decrease in the amount of food supplies which were imported into the country. Due to this limit in supplies the prices of home-grown went through the roof. Citizens of a lower class starved because they couldnt afford to buy food but to balance out the bad there was a good; in the long run this gave Britain superiority over the sea. Silas Marner is full of twists and turns, from start to finish. It is about people who lived in a changing age and how their lives changed with time. The basic story is about Silas Marner, someone who has done wrong before he is rewarded with a final blessing. The story is quite sad, beginning with Silas in his native Lantern Yard. A key point in, which we must understand and appreciate, is that in those days people were moving from the country into the town. People emigrating meant that everyone was trying to adapt from their village life to the fast-paced town life. People liked living in villages but there was no work for them in the villages so they were left with no option but to move to a place where they could find work; mainly in factories, it was also important that the town had a church as they were regular church-goers. It was like a group of set villages put together and called a town; each with its own area name. Silas belonged to this sort of community along with its strange religious cult. Silas became friends with a man called William Dane, he was of a high standing in Lantern Yard. Silas had a mild epileptic fit but people thought that he was visited by god; this gave Silas a status that he could only dream of. Peoples speculations about Silas guest made him rise to a position of great importance and this is how he got to know William Dane. Silas and William were, in fact, the two most influential figures in Lantern Yard. People sought after their advice and would ask them what they thought was holy. They would also ask Silas to cure ailments with his special knowledge of herbs. After a while things started going wrong for the weaver when an old Deacon, who was ill, died under Silas supervision while he was in a visitation. Silas troubles were far from over, along with his inabilities to look after a sick man, he was accused of stealing the church money after the empty bag was discovered behind Silas loom. On these grounds William Dane convicted Silas of stealing the money and of being in league with the devil. He was found guilty by the drawing of lots; which were doubtlessly fixed by Dane. The whole community turned their backs on Silas, even his fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e Sarah, so the weaver left Lantern Yard for Raveloe. He rented a cottage and began weaving; desperate to escape the pain in his life, he also grew to love money. He wanted to earn as much money as humanly possible so he worked all day and most of the night in his desperate bid to be rich. Just as things looked to be going right for the lonely weaver, his life flipped 180. One night while he was out collecting supplies Dunstan Cass came to his house and stole all his money. This would be enough to push anyone over the edge but for Silas, it was a lot more than that. For him his life was worthless and pointless, more to the point; over. He, again, tried to get back on his feet by working but he was still a nervous wreck on the verge of a mental breakdown. After a thorough search of the village the blame was nailed on a peddler who had passed through the village. Knowing who it was did not make it any easier for Silas. His heart was in broken and once again he was left to pick up the pieces of his ruined life. Silas fell into a trance when he went out to look for his money in the New Year. While Silas was unconscious a destitute baby crawled into his home and fell asleep on the fire place. Silas recovered and discovered the baby; he picked it up and took it to the home of Squire Cass, who was, sort of, the Lord of Raveloe. The Cass family were the highest ranking family in Raveloe. Squire Cass was a widower who had four sons and a house to take care of after his wife passed on. This was very rare for men; the household fell into a horrid state along with the moral state of his four sons. The Squires eldest son, Godfrey, married a pauper, Molly Farren, by being tricked by Dunstan, his younger brother; all this took place in secret. Dunstan was very conniving; he tricked his brother so he could blackmail him. Things go from bad to worse for Godfrey when his wife becomes addicted to Opium, he realised his mistake and regrets not waiting to marry Nancy Lammeter, the girl he loved and wanted to marry. Within a few years Godfrey disowned Molly and started to court Nancy. Godfrey paid Dunstan to keep quiet; the money came from the tenants which belonged to their father. Godfrey was in debt, a debt who could not afford to pay back. This resulted in him selling his horse, Wildfire, in order to pay it back. Dunstan agrees a deal with a man named Bryce but tells him hell deliver Wildfire to him later. On his way home he rides the Wildfire straight into a hedge where the horse falls and dies. Dunstan considers hiring a horse but instead takes the much easier alternative; he goes to Silas cottage and steals his money and slowly disappears into the night. Due to Dunstans mystery disappearance Godfrey was left with no option but to tell his father all about the money he lent to his younger brother. Godfrey paid back the money and continued courting Nancy. His conscious was blackened by Molly and their illegitimate child. On New Years Eve they attended a party at which Godfrey courted Nancy and life just seemed to go on. Silas appeared out of the blue with some very disturbing news. He was holding Godfreys baby and he had come to inform him of Mollys death. Godfrey is relieved to hear of her death so he starts with a clear conscience. Silas offers to look after the child; no one makes any complaints so Silas takes the baby and everyone goes on with their lives as normal. The story resumes 16 years later. Silas bought up the bundle with help from the villagers; she was christened Eppie. Eppie grew very much attached to Aaron, Dolly Winthrops son. Godfrey had a child from his wife Nancy but it died soon after. Nancy believed that she should have not any children; she even refused to adopt children. Silas was completely reformed, Eppie gave Silas a reason to live after all the misery and pain in his life, and she changed him into an active member of the community. Dunstan Cass hadnt returned yet to Raveloe but he was most certainly not missed. Godfrey was having the stone pits drained, which were near Silas house; they found a skeleton and two bags of money belonging to Dunstan. This caused Godfrey to own up about all the things he had done wrong in the past. He told Nancy all about Molly and that Eppie was his child. He also told her that Dunstan had been bribing him along with all his other dark secrets. Nancy was as supportive as could be expected and she told her husband to reclaim Eppie as her own. Silas had taken care of Eppie for most of her life so it was no surprise that she chose to stay with him when it was up to her to make the final decision between living with the Cass or Silas; she chose Silas after a fierce battle between him and Godfrey over who would look after her. Silas had a long talk with Dolly Winthrop who influenced his decision to take Eppie to Lantern Yard. When Silas arrived there he was shocked to find it had disappeared off the face of the heart; instead of Lantern Yard there was a huge factory standing there. The story ended with Eppie marrying Aaron. The Cass were not present but only two people knew the real reason behind their absence. Eliot was a fantastic writer; this story was structured in a fantastic way. Initially there are two stories; one of Silas Marner and the other of the Cass family. The main characters in Silas Marner are obviously Silas himself, Godfrey, Eppie, Dolly Winthrop, Nancy, Dunstan, Squire Cass and Aaron Winthrop. Silas is a strange man, he was an outsider from the moment he moved into Raveloe, but he was changed by Eppie; she forced him to socialise with people and to go to church. Godfrey was very unlucky, he was Dunstans brother, his young-adulthood was full of disasters; starting with the marriage to Molly Farren. His luck did change however, after the disappearance of his brother and the death of Molly, Godfrey was able to sort himself out and marry Nancy; his life was shaping the way he wanted it to. Eppie was the illegitimate child of Godfrey and Molly. After the demise of her mother she was adopted by Silas. Silas bought Eppie up, through the tussle with the Cass until she married Aaron. Dolly Winthrop was the typical early 19th century country woman. She regularly gave advice to those who needed it, especially Silas and Eppie. She was a charitable woman, she didnt, however, go to church every Sunday. Nancy, the daughter of Mr Lammeter was a very strong willed person with firm morals. She brought order to the Red House after her marriage to Godfrey. She tried to be a good wife to Godfrey and give him a baby and she did but it died soon after birth. She believed this was a sign that she should have no more children. She was very badly hurt when Godfrey told her about his previous marriage but she, once again, proved to be a great wife by supporting him and convincing him to fight for the custody of his only child. Dunstan was the real villain of the whole story. He lived a life of pleasure; being able to drink and party freely. He pushed his older brother Godfrey into marrying Molly Farren, so he could blackmail him for money; this shows he was truly ruthless if he was willing to do this to his own brother, his own flesh and blood. After, to an extent, killing his brothers horse, Wildfire, who Godfrey loved dearly, he stole Silas money before meeting his destiny; the same as the horse; death, he drowned in the Stone Pits. Squire Cass was the lord of Raveloe. He was coarse but generous with his sons. He was a widower and made his money by renting out land. He did not live long after his sons marriage to Nancy. Aaron Winthrop was the 5th son of Dolly Winthrop. He was the gardener at the Cass residence, also known as the Red House. He was very keen on Eppie and was luckily enough to marry her at the end of the story. There are many things in this story which tell us about life in the early 19th century. One of the first things we learn is that rural villagers were very suspicious of any outsiders, particularly of outsiders with any special abilities. This is shown on numerous occasions. For example: The shepherds dog barked fiercely when one of these alien- looking men appeared on the upland. Chapter 1, Page 13, Lines 12-14 This is shown once again not long after Silas money was stolen, when the villagers blamed the peddler because of his strange looks and because of the fact that he was an easy scapegoat. At this time Britain was the most economically developed country in the world, becoming more and more industrialised as time went on. People moved out of the country into the town in search of jobs. Everyone tried to recreate the feeling of unity where everyone knew everyone else. This resulted in groups of religious sects to spring up in one particular area, say where the church was. This is shown in the next quote where Eliot writes, Marner was highly thought of in that little hidden world. Chapter 1, Page 19, Lines 16-17 These mini cults were often devoted, their members lives revolved around going to church; they were all very protective and zealous in their worship, however, it also showed how quickly Britain was evolving. When Silas returned to Lantern Yard, 31 years after his exile, to find the community was no longer there; it had been replaced by a factory. Strangers were no longer frowned at, there was a strange atmosphere of not much care, people no longer gossiped about one another. This change is highlighted by Silas when he says, Its gone child, he said, at last, in strong agitation Lantern Yards gone. It must ha been here, because theres the house with the oerhanging window I know that its just the same; but theyve made this new opening; and see that big factory! Its all gone chapel and all.' Chapter 21, Page 232, Lines 1-4 Another thing that we learn from Silas Marner is that in the early 19th century rich people were very spoilt and did not have to work if they didnt want to. Dunstan is a great example of this. This is shown in the story when Eliot wrote, As you please; but Ill have a draught of ale first.' Dunstan Cass, Chapter 3, Page 42, Line 30 This highlights how spoilt the rich folk were. Rich people also had an authority over the working class; they were allowed to adopt any child they saw fit, as long as they were already being fostered already. They thought that poor people were incapable of expressing emotions and that the loss of their child would not affect them much. There was no law preventing them from doing this and the whole of chapter 19 shows this, in the way that Godfrey talks to Silas. The story shows us how strict the class system really was. This system governed 19th century Britain. Marrying in secret was something which was frowned upon and marrying out of your class was considered the same as a great sin. This was the whole fasard between Molly and Godfrey. Another thing included in this story is the way they tell of how crime fighting was conducted. There was no permanent police force; the village would elect the most important person to conduct the investigations. This was shown in chapters 7 8, after Silas money went missing. This highlights another point regarding village life; the church and pub were the nerve centres of the village. This is shown in the story after Silas money is stolen. When he realises of his loss he heads straight for the pub to drown his sorrows with a little help from alcohol. (Chapter 6, Page 77) In the 19th century it was the Parishs duty to look after the poor in the area. They had to bury them if they died and send their families to work houses. This is shown around the whole Molly Farren incident. The parish was delighted when Silas offered to look after Eppie; it allowed them to get rid of her as quickly as they possibly could and this lessened the burden upon them. If today, however, a middle-aged man offered parenthood to a little baby it would not be anywhere near as easy for him to take it, a long process would take place before a final decision was made. The story also shows us that people were the same then as they are now in the sense that they gave advice about children to people who were in need of it. This is shown in the story when Dolly Winthrop speaks to Silas. Eh, Master Marner, said Dolly, theres no call to buy, no more nor a pair o shoes.' Dolly Winthrop, Chapter 14, Page 162, Lines 10-11 In conclusion I have learnt that life was very unpredictable in the early 19th century. People always had to live life with strict rules but they always helped each other out; people were friendly to those they knew. We also see that people want a sense of community even in towns and life was based around a hierarchy. I think that Eliot thought of the town as horrible and liked the idea of living in the country; shown in chapter 2 when she describes the awful smell and conditions. This is because she has lived in both town and country herself, and she says that she preferred the country. It is not surprising that the novel informs about the time it was set because writers always wrote about the time they lived in and what they saw and then commented on it in their writing. I enjoyed reading Silas Marner and there are two reasons behind this. Firstly because it was very well written and taught me a lot about the time it was set in and secondly because it has a story behind it; Mary Ann Evans changing her name to George Eliot in order to get the respect she deserved as a novelist. This was interesting to me because in my opinion things are better if there is a good story behind them and I feel although the change in name is a very small story it has a very huge meaning, it proves that women were thought of as inferior when in actual fact just as good as the men or maybe even better. I would recommend this novel to anyone who would like to learn about early 19th century life or anyone who is after a good read because this novel is most definitely a very enjoyable read.

Chapter 1 introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chapter 1 introduction - Essay Example Currently, football is the most common sport although others such as basketball and swimming exist. In spite of the influence that oil has had on the development of sports in Kuwait, there are issues facing practical education in schools. This research is therefore undertaken to determine how the introduction of a new approach would benefit the current state of PE in these schools. Sports are essential to the development of any country. Kuwait, like other nations, started giving attention to sports since the establishment of the state in the 18th century. Sports were already on practice. Before the discovery of oil, Kuwaiti people were actually doing hard sports in their daily activities in order to adapt to the harsh environmental conditions and to make a living from it. At that time, people had sport skills such as swimming, diving, rowing, hunting, shooting and riding horses in order to make their living. All the people were skilled in these sports; from the youth to adults. However, traditionally, only men were allowed to practice them (Kuwait Olympic Committee 2015). In the past, only the traditional sports were popular and some of them were held in public. Before the country adopted sports from outside countries like western countries and India, only the traditional sports were known to the people of the local nomadic society. The known and celebrated sports in the area included horse and camel racing; these were held in festivities where sports men from all the Arabian Peninsula areas participated. These races incorporated the finest Arabian horses in the area. Additionally, Falconry was a popular sport in Kuwait and the Arabian Peninsula. Common and nobility people like Monarchs and princesses used to participate in these events. However, the sport started to decline after the overhunting and the discovery of petroleum fields in the area (Encyclopedia Britannica 2013). After the discovery of petroleum in the country, Kuwait changed to a

Cola Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cola Wars - Essay Example While the Equity/Assets ratio of PepsiCo has increased over the decades, it has remained nearly the same for Coke. Coke has experienced increase in the Debt/Asset ratio while PepsiCo has seen a decline in this ratio. PepsiCo increased its popularity through diversification strategy and spending on advertising, though its ROE occasionally dropped because of the divided attention between the promotion of different products. Coke led the competition between the 80s and the 90s in terms of sales and profitability. Shift of customer preferences affected both companies in 2000s, though Coke managed its indebtedness better than PepsiCo. Nevertheless, PepsiCo took the lead starting from 2000. Both Coke and PepsiCo have been twisting their HR departments in response to external influences and changing preferences (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2012). The most important HR policy of Coke is recruitment of talent globally. Both companies have good reputation for rewarding their employees. Coke and Pepsi are the products of the two companies. Partnerships and diversification strategies have helped the two companies keep the price reasonable and be at the right places. Both companies have spent a lot on promotional campaigns, particularly of their new

Land Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Land Law - Case Study Example In this case study, the facts to be observed is with regard to provisions of Land Registration 2002 which was operationalised from 2003. Section 29 (1) of the Land Registration Act 2002 states, interalia, "if a registrable disposition of a registered charge is made for valuable consideration, completion of the disposition by registration has the effect of postponing to the interest under the disposition any interest affecting the charge immediately before the disposition whose priority is not protected at the time of registration." (Disposition of Registered Land. 2002). The aspects of restrictions, as is evident in this case study are found under Sections 40 and 41 of Land Registration Act 2002. Section 40 circumscribes the circumstances under which certain restrictions could be imposed with regard to mortgage and they seek to place restrictions on the making of any entries, either for a specified or unspecified period of time or depending upon the happening of any event. The law under Section 40 (2) states that "A restriction may, in particular (3) Without prejudice to generality of subsection (2)(b)(iii), the events which may be specified include- (a) the giving of notice,(b) the obtaining of consent, and (c) the making of an order by the court or registrar. (Notices and restrictions. 2002). In this case of Nicole and Silky Smooth Limited, it is seen that the following restrictions were placed by the mortgagee (lender) Silky Smooth Limited while negotiating a Registered 1st Charge on the property of Nicole, the mortgagor as pre-conditions for giving of the loans: 1. She would be the sole supplier for the Nicole's beauty product Company until year 2034. 2. There would be no repayment of the loan amount of 100,000 from the loanee, or demands from loaner for a period of 25 years. 3. The interest rate would be at 3% more than the prevailing bank rate. The effect of these registered charges now binds both the mortgagee and the mortgagor as per Section 40 of the Registration of Property Act. The aspect of "restrictive covenant "that was seen in the case of Tulk v. Moxhay 1848 and it is said that this established that the burden of a covenant which was restrictive in nature could run with the land', despite privity of contract. (Tulk v Moxhay (1848). 2006). The aspect of higher interest rate that is seen in this case study cannot be termed as unconscionable since as per the legal framework, there are no restrictions on the rate of interest that may be charged on mortgages, and in the absence of disagreement or protest on the party of the mortgagor regarding higher interest rates, there is a valid agreement. (Are there limits on the interest rate that can be charged: (How to know your rights and obligations as mortgagee (lender) 2006). Thus it could be seen that as per Section 40 of the Registration of Property Act, once the restrictions have been registered as charge, as is evident in this case, it should be enforceable on the parties and except,

The American Company Kraft Foods Ltd Marketing Essay

The American Company Kraft Foods Ltd Marketing Essay In the current economic situation, companies are putting all their efforts to keep their customers loyal and present market shares. To attain these objectives they are launching new products, implementing new and more interesting marketing campaigns or releasing loyalty programmes. No matter the industry they activate in, all the companies want to build long lasting relationships with their customers, as it is easier and cheaper to keep existing customers rather than acquire new ones. This paper will focus on the operations of one giant in the food industry, the American company Kraft Foods LTD, and all the attention will be centred on the chocolate confectionery branch of the organisation and on its leading chocolate brand in Europe, Milka. After a thorough analysis of the chocolate confectionery industry in the United Kingdom, the introduction of a new product in the Milka range will be discussed. Corporate Objectives Kraft Foods is the worlds second largest food organisation with revenues over $42 billion as they state in their fact sheet published in 2008. It has operations in many subsectors of the food industry such as: snacks, beverages, cheese, convenient meals and groceries (Datamonitor, 2009a). The companys manufacturing plants are located in 70 countries all around the world and it sells its products in more than 150 countries (Kraft Foods, 2009a). Being such a big company in the industry, it has set well defined long term objectives to help its growth strategies. Firstly, the company is well aware of the new trends in its sector and is aiming to offer consumers healthy products, as people have become more health conscious. Secondly, the issue of conserving the environment is intensively discussed nowadays therefore Kraft Foods has decided to implement projects for sustainability. Also, the company wishes to expand even more and increase its world coverage (Kraft Foods, 2009b). To satisfy this last objective the company is acquiring different companies which are operating in key markets. One example could be the recent acquisition of the British chocolate manufacturer Cadbury, which offers the company to opportunity to consolidate in the UK chocolate market (Mintel Oxygen, 2010). Kraft Foods also wants to expand to Southeast Asia as the countries here present high growth rates in the food industry (Mintel Oxygen, 2008) Furthermore, since 2008 the company has decided to implement a restructuring plan designed to lower its cost structure and optimize capacity without affecting the quality of products (Kraft Foods, 2009a). Market Overview As stated before, this paper will focus on the chocolate confectionery operations of Kraft Foods in the UK market and therefore an overview of this particular market is necessary. Datamonitor (2009b) states that the chocolate confectionery industry accounts for almost 67.5% of the total value of the UK confectionery market, which also includes gums, cereal bars and sugar confectionery (Chart 1). Chart 1: Market segmentation in the UK (Datamonitor,2009b) The UK chocolate confectionery industry has been in a permanent growth from 2003 until 2008, increasing by 11.1%. (Mintel Oxygen, 2008b). This particular segment is characterised by fierce competition as some of the most well known food giants are competing here. The main players in 2007 were Cadbury, with 35.3% market share, Masterfoods, with 30%, Nestle, with 14%, Ferrero, with 4% and Kraft Foods with 1.8% as it can be seen in Chart 2. Mintels 2008b forecast on market growth states that it will grow by 17% until 2012, if the prices of chocolate would have remained at the 2007 value. In real terms and taking into consideration inflation this growth will be of just 2%. Chart 2: Manufacturers value shares in the UK chocolate market 2003-2007 (Mintel. 2008b) The report on chocolate confectionery published by Mintel Oygen (2008b) states that current trends in the market highlight the fact that more healthy foods need to be released on the market, forcing in this way companies to produce healthier chocolates. As childhood obesity is an important issue in the UK, there is an absolute need of healthy products and what now is a trend it will later become a way of living. Also, consumers tend to become more educated on chocolate and soon will demand high quality products. Moreover, the same report shows that consumer preferences have started to change and shortly they will ask for new flavoured chocolates. Marketing Audit: Internal and External After getting a brief insight on the chocolate confectionery sector in the UK, an internal and external marketing audit needs to be done in order to identify which are current problems of the company. Firstly, since it has consumer products the overall marketing mix implemented needs to be analysed. Then, the strengths and opportunities must be identified in order to overcome the companys weaknesses and threats. Also with the help of the PEST model and Porters five forces the chocolate confectionery industry will be further analysed. Marketing Mix Kraft Foods is doing business in the consumer products domain, therefore its marketing mix is specially tailored for its consumers. Its main products are food items such as chocolates, biscuits, different beverages, snacks and convenient meals. Some of the companys products have become leading brands worldwide proving that the company offers qualitative products and also knows what its customers want. The company prefers to buy its raw materials from third parties such as agricultural cooperatives and independent producers to ensure high quality of the final product. (Kraft Foods, 2009a) The pricing policy of any company has to be elaborated in such a way that it retains current customers and also attracts new ones (Brassington and Pettitt , 2006 pg.431 ). The company charges acceptable and affordable prices for its products. However these prices are affected by raises in raw materials, as was the case in 2008 when the company had to raise prices to dairy, coffee, cocoa, wheat or nut products as a result of price increases for the raw materials (Kraft Foods, 2009a) When talking about promotion, Kraft Foods invests important amounts of money into well developed marketing campaigns which are meant mainly to attract new customers but also to consolidate its image in the eyes of present consumers. The company uses some of the tools in the promotional mix such as advertising, sales promotions, public relations. The organisations products have a wide distribution, reaching many markets all around the world. The main places where the products can be fund are supermarket chains, wholesalers, convenience stores, retailers, club stores or mass merchandisers (Kraft Foods, 2009a). SWOT As it has already been stated, Kraft Foods operates in different sectors of the food industry and in many markets in the world, so for each sector the company faces particular threats and has different strengths and weaknesses. In the case of the chocolate confectionery industry in the UK, the following SWOT analysis can be elaborated based on information provided by Datamonitor (2008). Strenghts: Kraft Foods has a strong brand image worldwide Well developed distribution network Manages a variety of brands in UK such as Milka Chocolate, Oreo biscuits, Toblerone, Terrys Chocolate Orange and others; well managed brand portfolio The raw materials used for production are always of high quality Weaknesses: Over the years the company had to recall some products, action which has damaged its image Its margins have constantly decreased causing problems in the implementation of new growth plans Opportunities: The acquisition of the British chocolate manufacturer Cadbury offers access to its expertise, research and information on consumer trends in the UK Permanent growth in the demand for healthy products New technologies and developments in the industry Threats: Fierce competition in the UK Governmental laws regarding alimentation Too much divestment, having a large portfolio of brands worldwide might affect the companys cash flow PEST Kraft Foods is doing business in a constant changing environment and as a result it must always know what is happening in the UK environment. The UK business environment is continuously affected by political/legal, economical, social and technological /environmental factors. Political factors The laws in the UK regarding alimentation are quite tough with for companies, but they work in the benefit of the consumer, demanding more usage of healthy products. Any law imposed by the UK government or by the European Union can affect the companys operations and revenues. Economical factors Currently the UK has not entered the Euro Zone and it is still able to have a stronger currency then the Euro Zone. However, in the context of recession, the UK has reported a drop in GDP and in the third quarter of 2009 the GDP contracted by 0.2%, and remained 5.1% lower than in the same period of 2008 (www.statistics.gov.uk, 2010a). The recession has affected greatly this country and as a result the disposable income has decreased, affecting the populations buying habits. Consequently, companies had to reduce prices and implement different schemes to maintain their customers and lose a small percent of sales. Social factors The UK population is very affected by the recession and many of them have lost their jobs. Unemployment rate has reached 7.8% in November 2009, but however there has been registered a decrease in the number of unemployed people (www.statistics.gov.uk, 2010b). Since unemployment is quite high, not many British people afford to spend money on other things that are not of strict necessity, such as chocolates. Confectionerynews.com (2009a) states that women are more likely to have chocolate due to the fact that when they reach menopause they become more stressed and need to get relieved. Technological factors Technological advances always occur in any industry. Companies in the chocolate confectionery sector have to invest in research and development in order to come up with healthier products as customers demand these intensively. Recently, Kraft Foods and Nestle were accused of using palm oil and indirectly encouraging deforestation in Indonesia (www.confectionerynews.com, 2009b) and as a result both companies had to review operations and decided that from 2010 will use only certified palm oil. Porters 5 Forces Analysis The UK chocolate confectionery industry can also be assessed by using Porters five forces. Threat of new entrants The UK industry is quite fragmented with many companies competing within. Since some of the largest companies are present here such as Nestle, Kraft Foods, Cadbury and Mars Inc. it is very difficult for a smaller company to enter this market. However there are also niches, such as premium chocolates which could still welcome new players. This particular threat is considered to be low as it is difficult to enter the UK market. Competition It is common knowledge that the UK market presents high levels of competition. The worlds food giants are in a continuous quest for market shares and increased sales volumes. This particular force might seriously affect Kraft Food since it still doesnt have a high market share, but because of the new acquisition of Cadbury this might change. This force is considered to be high, as there are important companies battling for supremacy. Buyers bargaining power Nowadays British people choose to spend money just on the necessary products and have eliminated premium products from their daily shopping. As a result, this force is considered to be quite high and have serious impacts on the companies activating in the industry. Suppliers bargaining power Over the years companies have built lasting relationships with their suppliers, as a result suppliers work jointly with buyers to ensure productivity. Due to these relationships the suppliers bargaining power is considered to be medium, as raises in raw materials can occur and affect the final products of the company. Threat of substitutes Chocolate can have many substitutes such as gums, candy or ice cream. As new consumer trends show that there is a serious shift to healthy products chocolate could be seriously affected, unless producing companies launch healthier versions. Consequently this threat can be considered as being medium to high. Current year Competition Five years time (assumption) New entrants Power of buyers Substitutes Power of suppliers Figure 1: Porters five forces (current year and five year prediction) Assumptions The VAT has increased to 17.5% (www.hmrc.gov.uk), automatically causing increases in the prices of all products. A further increase might endanger future plans for launching new products and present product sales might be affected. Also, if the UK decides to join the Euro zone serious price changes might occur and people might think they are paying more for a product then when they were using the sterling pound. It must not be forgotten that consumers are changing their buying patterns and preferences so they might choose to replace chocolate with other sweets. Marketing Objectives and Strategies for new product Growth Strategy As it has been previously presented, Kraft Foods does not have a considerable market share on the UK confectionery industry. It should focus more on its leading European chocolate brand, Milka, and make it a preferred chocolate in the UK too. Milka chocolate is present on the UK market in just six assortments (www.milka.co.uk, 2010) while other chocolate brands have more assortments. The need for a new product has been identified, and the proposed product is Poppin Milka. This new product will be alpine milk chocolate and in the interior it will have a bounty of popping candy. Since it is a new product for the Milka brand, Ansoffs new product existing market growth strategy will be followed (Dobson and Starkey, 2002). Marketing objectives Gain more market share on the UK chocolate market Build a strong brand name and image for the Milka brand Attract new customers, while retaining current ones Identification of Alternative Plans In the worst case scenario the new product could prove to be a failure, even though prior research would show that it should have success. Since the product has already been launched Kraft Foods could enhance it by adding new flavours such as melon, strawberry or cherries, fruit flavours which make a good combination with popping candy. Confectionerynews.com (2009c) shows that nostalgia has helped boost the UK food market, and since popping candy was very popular few years back, it could make a comeback. Also, it should be noted that the new product will be targeting children, but their parents are the ones who have to be convinced to buy the product. If the product does not manage to reach forecasted sales for the first months, the marketing plan should be reviewed and changed where it went wrong. Promotional Programme Objectives of the campaign: the main objective of the campaign will be to draw attention on the new Milka product and promote it throughout the year. Also, through this campaign it is intended to raise Milkas brand awareness and help build a stronger brand image. Target audience: the main target audience is children aged 5-13, but indirect target audience is men and women aged 25-40, who have children aged 5-13, since they are the ones who will buy the products, even though they might not be the users. Message: since the product is mainly targeted to children, the message has to be appealing and funny. It will stress on the fact that it is fun to have popping candy together with chocolate, a soft and creamy chocolate like Milka. Budget: the product launch campaign could be quite expensive, but Kraft has to take the risk and invest approximately  £2 2,5 million, to develop an effective and integrated marketing campaign. Since the company is a world giant it should be able to afford such a campaign especially when aiming to gain market share. The company already has a contract with Ogilvy to make the advertisement for Milka, so it can count on the help of a well known advertising agency. (Mintel Oxygen, 2009) Promotional mix: prior to the actual launch of the product (two weeks ahead), a guerrilla marketing campaign will be conducted such as to raise interest in the new product. Teaser ads would be placed in supermarkets and short TV ads will be played on kids TV networks. After the launch, samples will be given to customers of selected supermarkets such as Tesco or Sainsbury for a period of one month. Then full length ads will be played on kids TV networks for the next three to four months. In conjunction with TV ads billboards will be posted close to supermarkets and playgrounds to make sure the target audience becomes familiar with the product. At celebration times sales promotions will run to encourage and increase the product sales. The tagline used in all the ads will be Poppin the magic with Milka and will feature the Milka symbol, the liliac cow dancing on a popping candy dance floor and in the end the dance floor will explode as fireworks, showing the properties of popping candy. Time frame: the marketing campaign is designed for a period of twelve months commencing January, 2010. Measurement, Review and Control Any marketing campaign has to be evaluated before, during and after implementation (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006). The campaign will be evaluated before implementation through focus groups. During the campaign, sales will be closely followed and on-site interviews will take place. In the end, the campaign will be assessed by evaluating sales volumes and revenues, and check if the marketing objectives have been attained. Conclusion Launching a new product in a market where Kraft does not have high market share might be very difficult, but such actions must be done in order to become known on the market. With a well designed product and marketing campaign the new product should be able to reach expectations. Poppin Milka should be a success since Milka chocolate is a European leading chocolate brand, and British people are familiar to the brand.

Intrinsic Motivation is Ideal Essay -- Learning Education Motives Ess

Inquisitive and self-directed learning is a natural behavior for young children. They marvel at each new discovery and strive to understand the meaning behind every question in their world. However, older children seem to be resistant to learning unless directed by teachers or parents with various forms of external recognition (Deci and Ryan, 1981). Their enthusiasm and inner desire for understanding has diminished. Learning, to older children has become directly connected to demands, controls, and rewards. In order to understand why this attitude toward learning develops, the concept of motivation in education must be defined and examined in a theoretical sense. "Motivation is an essential condition of learning" (Ray, 1992, p.3). A motivating condition may be defined as an emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action. Ray (1992) comments that "motivation in education is concerned with students’ motivation to learn" (p.3). With the understanding of these defined concepts in hand, we can begin to examine the reasons behind school age children losing their enthusiasm for learning. In order to comprehend the reason for the undermining of this intrinsic behavior, we must acknowledge the basic theories of motivation from an eclectic standpoint. By embracing the concepts of learning from both a behaviorist and cognitive point of view, a teacher can tailor the use of reinforcement in the classroom to commit the students to achieving acad emic excellence with enthusiasm and devotion. Findings Motivational Theories Humanistic behavior and learning techniques are viewed from many different positions of psychological theories (Ramirez, 1983). In order for a teacher to effectively apply these psychological principles in their classroom, they must become knowledgeable in the various conflicting theories. Looking at the theoretical aspect of motivation to learn provides background information about the basic nature of different learning processes (Ericksen, 1974). The locus of control in motivation is the subject area where separate theoretical views come into play. People have either an internal locus of control, an external locus of control, or are simply amotivated. "Intrinsic motivation is a state where the relevance for the learner of the content of the material is the main reason for learning. Extrinsic... ...istrators who respond to their initiations and support their practicing methods to remain intrinsically motivated in the same way that students need teachers to respond to their initiations and mastery attempts to remain enthusiastic about learning (Deci and Ryan, 1981). School administrators, and the community in general, need to be supportive of teachers’ efforts to try new things, to respond to the challenges, and to teach according to their preferred methods. "Deci and Ryan propose that if the climate of the educational system were more informational and autonomy-oriented in nature, this would foster teachers’ intrinsic motivation for teaching. In turn, teachers would be better able to foster intrinsic motivation in their students" (Deci and Ryan, 1981, p. 17). The art of skillfully implementing reinforcement, in a tailored fashion, for the students’ development of intrinsic motivation to learn is a difficult task for a teacher to master. Even though the school administration and community should be responsible for setting precedence of intrinsic motivation throughout the schools, the obligation of effectively facilitating this concept is in the possession of the teacher.

The History Of The Refrigerator

Before refrigerators were produced, people were forced to cool their food with ice, snow,  or nearby rivers and springs. Most people also had to can, salt, and pickle their food to preserve  their meals. During these times, inventors were working towards the creation of the refrigerator.In 1758, Benjamin Franklin experimented with the effects of evaporation on temperature. With  the help from chemist John Hadley, both men were able to find a way to drop thermometers temperature below freezing. Franklin and Hadley’s work was soon picked up by the American  inventor, Oliver Evans.Using principles drew up by Franklin; Evans drew the design for a  refrigerator in 1805. Jacob Perkins modified Evan’s design and built the first practical  refrigerating machine in 1834. Soon after, John Gorrie used Evan’s design to build a refrigerator  to make ice to cool the air for his yellow fever patients in 1844.Over 30 years later German  engineer Carl Von Linde di scovered the process of liquefying gas which is part of basic  refrigeration technology. From the 1800s until the 1920s, refrigerators used  toxic gases as  refrigerants. With research developed, corporations discovered a less dangerous refrigerant  called Freon. Freon soon became the standard for almost all home kitchens.  Carl Von Linde was born in 1842 and was the son of a Lutheran minister.He studied  science and engineering at the Federal Polytechnic in Zurich, Switzerland. His research led to the  development of the first compressed-ammonia refrigerator. In 1917, Linde formed the Union  Carbide and Carbon Corporation.On January 1, 1913, the first electric refrigerator in the United States was invented by  Fred W. Wolf. The refrigerator was an air-cooled refrigeration unit mounted on top of an ice box  and was called the Domelre. Exactly two years after the Domelre was created, the first self-container refrigerator was built by the Guardian Refrigerator Comp any.The company struggled  and produced less than 40 appliances in two years. The company was purchased by General  Motors and the business was renamed Frigidaire. In 1918, the first Frigidaire refrigerator was  produced. There were more than 200 different refrigerators on the market by 1920. Ice cream  cabinets were added to models in 1923, soda fountain equipment in 1924, and water and milk  coolers in 1927.One million refrigerators were produced by 1929. In 1947, GE was the first  company to introduce the two-door refrigerator-freezer combination. By 2005, 99.5 percent of  homes had refrigerators.  The refrigerator has changed the world in many ways. We are now able to preserve our  Foods such as fruits and vegetables for longer periods of time and beverages are now able to be  kept cool. Without refrigeration, medicines and vaccinations would not have been able to be  developed. Refrigeration is also used for air conditioning in homes, public places and lar ge  warehouses.Even those beautiful Valentine’s Day roses would not be able to be delivered  without refrigeration. Just imagine school without air conditioning, everyone would smell  horrible from sweating all day. Everyone’s favorite ice creams would not have been created  without the freezer. Long car rides would be dreadful without an air conditioner.Refrigerators use refrigerants to carry heat away from the inside of the fridge. This is  done by injecting the refrigerants into a tube inside the refrigerator in liquid form and it slowly  begins to vaporize. Taking heat away makes the temperature cooler. When the liquid is done  vaporizing, it travels to a coil on the outside of the fridge where it releases heat and becomes a  liquid again. The process starts over again.After researching the history of the refrigerator, I have learned how much it has impacted  the world and how much people take it for granted. I would have never been able to enjoy my  favorite ice creams or drinks if it was not for the refrigerator. I would not be able to preserve my  favorite foods or keep my fruits and veggies fresh.My favorite Eleven slushies would not even  exist. Some people do not take the time to realize the importance of the refrigerator and how  much of a difference it has made in America.

Laws Regulating Federal Lobbyists

Laws Regulating Federal Lobbyists In public opinion polls, lobbyists rank somewhere between pond scum and nuclear waste. In every election, politicians vow never to be â€Å"bought out† by lobbyists, but often do. Briefly, lobbyists get paid by businesses or special interest groups to win the votes and support of members of the U.S. Congress and state legislatures.   Indeed, to many people, lobbyists and what they do represent the main cause of corruption in federal government. But while lobbyists and their influence in Congress sometimes seem to be out of control, they really do have to follow laws. In fact, lots of them.   Background: The Laws of Lobbying While each state legislature has created its own set of laws regulating lobbyists, there are two specific federal laws regulating the actions of lobbyists targeting the U.S. Congress.   Recognizing the need to make the lobbying process more transparent and accountable to the American people, Congress enacted the Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA) of 1995. Under this law, all lobbyists dealing with the U.S. Congress are required to register with both the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Secretary of the Senate. Within 45 days of becoming employed or retained to lobby on behalf of a new client, the lobbyist must register his or her agreement with that client with the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House. As of 2015, more than 16,000 federal lobbyists were registered under the LDA. However, merely registering with Congress was not enough to prevent some lobbyists from abusing the system to the point of triggering total disgust for their profession. Jack Abramoff Lobbying Scandal Spurred New, Tougher Law Public hatred for lobbyists and lobbying reached its peak in 2006 when Jack Abramoff, working as a lobbyist for the rapidly growing Indian casino industry, pleaded guilty to charges of bribing members of Congress, some of whom also ended up in prison as a result of the scandal. In the aftermath of the Abramoff scandal, Congress in 2007 passed the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (HLOGA) fundamentally changing the ways in which lobbyists were allowed to interact with members of Congress. As a result of HLOGA, lobbyists are prohibited from â€Å"treating† Congress members or their staff to things like meals, travel, or entertainment events. Under HLOGA, lobbyists must file Lobbying Disclosure (LD) reports during each year revealing all contributions they made to campaign events for members of Congress or other expenditures of efforts they make that might in any way personally benefit a member of Congress. Specifically, the required reports are: The LD-2 report showing all lobbying activities for each organization they are registered to represent must be filed quarterly; andThe LD-203 report disclosing certain political â€Å"contributions† to politicians must be filed twice a year. What Can Lobbyists ‘Contribute’ to Politicians? Lobbyists are allowed to contribute money to federal politicians under the same campaign contribution limits placed on individuals. During the current (2016) federal election cycle, lobbyists cannot give more than $2,700 to any candidate and $5,000 to any Political Action Committees (PAC) in each election. Of course, the most coveted â€Å"contributions† lobbyists make to politicians are the money and votes of the members of the industries and organizations they work for. In 2015 for example, the nearly 5 million members of the National Rifle Association gave a combined $3.6 million to federal politicians opposed to tighter gun control policy. In addition, lobbyist must file quarterly reports listing their clients, the fees they received from each client and the issues on which they lobbied for each client. Lobbyists who fail to comply with these laws face could face both civil and criminal penalties as determined by the Office of the U.S. Attorney. Penalties for Violation of the Lobbying Laws The Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House, along with U.S. Attorney’s Office (USAO) are responsible for ensuring that lobbyists comply with the LDA activity disclosure law. Should they detect a failure to comply, the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House notifies the lobbyist in writing. Should the lobbyist fail to provide an adequate response, the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House refers the case to the USAO. The USAO researches these referrals and sends additional noncompliance notices to the lobbyist, requesting that they file reports or terminate their registration. If USAO does not receive a response after 60 days, it decides whether to pursue a civil or criminal case against the lobbyist. A civil judgment could lead to penalties up to $200,000 for each violation, while a criminal conviction - usually pursued when a lobbyist’s noncompliance is found to be knowing and corrupt- could lead to a maximum of 5 years in prison. So yes, there are laws for lobbyists, but how many of those lobbyists are really doing the â€Å"right thing† by complying with the disclosure laws? GAO Reports on Lobbyists’ Compliance with the Law In an audit released on March 24, 2016, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported that during 2015, â€Å"most† registered federal lobbyists did file disclosure reports that included key data required by the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (LDA). According to the GAO’s audit, 88% of lobbyists properly filed initial LD-2 reports as required by the LDA. Of those properly filed reports, 93% included adequate documentation on income and expenses. About 85% of lobbyists properly filed their required year-end LD-203 reports disclosing campaign contributions. During 2015, federal lobbyists filed 45,565 LD-2 disclosure reports with $5,000 or more in lobbying activity, and 29,189 LD-203 reports of federal political campaign contributions. The GAO did find that, as in years past, some lobbyists continued to properly disclose payments for certain â€Å"covered positions,† as paid congressional internships or certain executive agency positions provided as part of the lobbyists’ â€Å"contributions† to lawmakers. GAO’s audit estimated that about 21% of all LD-2 reports filed by lobbyists in 2015 failed to disclose payments for at least one such covered position, despite the fact that most lobbyists told the GAO that they found the rules regarding reporting covered positions as being â€Å"very easy† or   Ã¢â‚¬Å"somewhat easy† to understand.

Information Technology in Organizational Development essays

Information Technology in Organizational Development essays Employee attitudes toward computer technology change over time. As computer technology becomes increasingly more prevalent throughout society and throughout the educational process, appreciative and critical attitudes toward the technology have changed. Understanding these attitudes can help organizations develop appropriate strategies to improve organizational effectiveness. With the extensive adoption of information and communication technologies, organizations are changing in many areas such as research, communication, collaboration and work. This paper will describe organizational development and discuss the impact that technological advancements can help in achieving organizational goals in a more efficient manner. The term "organizational development"(OD) refers to the process of growth which improves the effectiveness of an organization by changing the way it is structured, by modifying the behavior of its employees, or by altering the technology that is used to get the work done.. The process is carefully planned and implemented to benefit the organization, its employees, and its stakeholders. The organization may be an entire company, public agency, non-profit organization, volunteer group - or a smaller part of a larger organization. The change process supports the improvement of the organization or group as a whole. The client and consultant work together to gather data, define issues and determine a suitable course of action. The organization is assessed to create an understanding of the current situation and to identify opportunities for change that will meet business objectives. The way in which people communicate and work together are addressed concurrently with technical or procedur al issues that need resolution. The steps involved in a typical organizational development process are illustrated below: There are many reasons why a program might need to change its structure or operation. For example, the most common ...

Looking for logical fallacies by both genders Essay

Looking for logical fallacies by both genders - Essay Example on’s wife plots to murder him on the fallacy of equivocation because she believes it will enable their adulterous affair with Aesgisthus to succeed and also own the family wealth. The decision to capture Cassandra, the daughter of the defeated Trojan king by Agamemnon is another manifestation of the appeal to tradition when family members suffered because of their parent’s evil during war. The above fallacies, therefore, have deeper meanings in critically examining the play. Clytemnestra murderous plot, for instance, demonstrates the wickedness that women commit when restrain lacks in society because of flimsy reasons such as the sacrifice of one’s daughter. Contrastingly, the logical fallacy in Agamemnon’s capture of Cassandra reveals the theme of women’s subjugation during conflicts such as wars and tragedies (Aeschylus 14). These scenarios make them vulnerable to the whims of evil men such as Agamemnon who faces revenge from his own household. It equally exposes the breakdown of families when resolving conflicts especially where differences range from jealousy to

The Role of Social Media in Managing Customer Relationships Essay

The Role of Social Media in Managing Customer Relationships - Essay Example The varied functional purpose of the organizations include domains like sales, marketing, training professional development, performance management and Human Resource (HR) Development (Cheng Shen, et al., 2010). The major focus should be on effective and timely implementation of the CRM techniques along with its integration with other software programs. The implementation of CRM techniques would require too much installation of procedures which is a time consuming process and also expensive. The overall implementation of CRM application and tools would have high costs associated with it and may not be suitable with the technological environment of the company. The varied technologies have enabled the managers to understand the relevance of CRM, that directly affects and influences the marketing activities and which leads to an increase in the organizational outcome. This has also fostered the relationship between the marketing manager and the customers through collaborative forces of technologies and systems. 1.2.1 Business to Business & Business to Consumer Differences in CRM Conceptual Theory In business to business relationships the conceptual theory is regarded highly for maintaining relationships and then developing incentives accordingly. The conceptual theory can be applicable only to business to business relationships (Mink and Georgi, 2013). On the other hand it helps the corporate customers to develop incentives which would motivate the individual hobbyist to participate in users communities of social media. For consumers, there would be development of customer equity model, customer equity would include desperate measures of calculating the customer needs and requirements and then develop... This essay approves that people are generally prone to engagement in relationship and social marketing tools and the recent advancement in technology will help in maintenance of enhanced customer relationships. It is fair to presume, that the relationship between the different organizational members is quite different from the consumers sector. The methods of social media marketing are also very different and they take into account the planning and implementation of marketing into consideration. The consumer and industrial sector is greatly influenced by the CRM technology integration and the main reason being so would be the construction of organizational capabilities. This report makes a conclusion that relationship marketing is a strategy which is designed to foster customer loyalty, long term engagement and interaction. The development of varied CRM tools would focus more on customer retention and acquisition. These strategies were designed to develop stronger connection with customers by providing them with information related to organizational growth and development. The author of the study has revealed the benefits and non benefits associated with the CRM strategy and its implementation. The variable factors affecting the social media marketing have to be kept into consideration, while developing effective marketing strategies for the betterment of the organizational development systems. Social networking websites are very powerful tools that can be useful as well as harmful to an individual and business enterprise. It has benefitted the common people by providing jobs to millions of people. The usage of social networking websites should be d one cautiously and judiciously.